The resulting object would be referred to as 4D printed objects which had been printed with a 3D printer, but with using 4D printing materials. The term 4D printing refers to the addition of a 4 th dimension, time, which essentially means that these 3D printed objects transform and change shape over time under the influence of external stimuli such as water, light, heat, pH, electricity, magnetic fields, and so on. Ī 3D printer moves in three dimensions to create a 3D structures. Three-dimensional printing technology has seen constant improvements and has evolved substantially over the last three decades. Manufacturers and researchers may now produce intricate shapes and structures that were previously considered to be impossible to create using the standard manufacturing methods. It has significantly impacted the way industrial parts/components and equipment are designed and developed. Thus, 3D printing is recognized as one of the most revolutionary innovations in contemporary manufacturing. Since its introduction and commercialization, 3D printing has been used extensively in the engineering and manufacturing, healthcare, and aerospace industries, particularly for prototyping and creating lightweight complex shapes and structures which are difficult to produce using the traditional methods. As of 2022, the term additive manufacturing can be used interchangeably with 3D printing as the accuracy, repeatability, and material variety of the technology have improved to the point where some 3D printing processes are considered viable as industrial production technology. Rapid prototyping was a more accurate word for 3D printing in the 1980s and the technology was considered to be only useful for producing functional or aesthetically pleasing prototypes. The term stereolithography or 3D printing was first introduced by Prof. DeSimone during a TED talk in 2015, that is, “3D printing is actually 2D printing over and over again”. The best description of 3D printing technology was given by Prof. Three-dimensional printing, also termed additive manufacturing, is a process of creating three-dimensional objects using a 3D printer guided by a computer or digital file. This document provides a cutting-edge review of the materials, applications, and challenges in 3D and 4D printing technologies. Moreover, the major challenges and developments in overcoming those challenges are addressed. The current and potential role of 3D printing in the imperative fight against COVID-19 is also discussed. In this paper, we reviewed the recent advances in 3D and 4D printing technologies, the available and potential materials for use, and their current and potential future applications. Although 3D printing has a highly promising future, there are still a number of challenges that must be solved before the technology can advance. Since their introduction, 3D and 4D printing technologies have extensively been used in the healthcare, aerospace, construction, and fashion industries. The created objects are able to adapt to changing environmental variables such as moisture, temperature, light, pH value, etc. Three-dimensional printing technology has the potential to fill the gaps left by the limitations of the current manufacturing technologies, and it has further become exciting with the addition of a time dimension giving rise to the concept of four-dimensional (4D) printing, which essentially means that the structures created by 4D printing undergo a transformation over time under the influence of internal or external stimuli. Three-dimensional printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), has seen tremendous growth over the last three decades, and in the last five years, its application has widened significantly. In that effort, three-dimensional (3D) printing was developed that can construct 3D objects from a digital file. The scientific community is and has constantly been working to innovate and improve the available technologies in our use.
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